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A (50/60 Hz) Transformer. Which one will give more Output? (When operates on 50 or 60 Hz frequency) A Transformer is designed to be operated on both 50 & 60 Hz frequency.  For the Same rating, which one will give more out put; when,   Operates on 50 Hz    Operates on 60 Hz Obviously!  It will give more out put when we operate a transformer (of same rating) on 50 Hz instead of 60 Hz. Because in previous posts, we proved that, in inductive circuit,  when frequency increases, the circuit power factor decreases . Consequently, the transformer out put decreases. Let’s consider the following example. Suppose, When Transformer operates on  50 Hz  Frequency Transformer = 100kVA, R=700 Ω , L=1.2 H, f= 50 Hz. X L  = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 1.2 = 377 Ω Impedance Z = √ (R 2 +X L 2 ) = √ (700 2 + 377 2 ) = 795 Ω Power factor Cos θ = R/Z = 700/795 = 0.88 Transformer Output (Real Power) kVA x Cos θ 100kVA...

Why Battery rated in Ah (Ampere hour) and not in VA. Why Battery rating in Ah (Ampere hour) and not in VA. Battery stores charge in the form of chemical energy and then converts it into electrical energy to utilize for a specific time. The amount of available charge is the capacity of a cell or battery which may be expressed in Ah (Ampere-hour). Moreover, in a charged battery, the numbers of molecules are limited to create a flow of electron in electric circuits, so, there must be a limited number of electrons in a cell/battery which they motivate through a circuit to fully discharge. Now we have the option to rate the battery capacity in Number of flowing electrons for a specific time, but, it would be a headache, because there are a vast number of electrons in it.  So we have another option  (1C (Coulomb) = 6.25 x 10 18  electrons , or 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons. In addition,  1A (Ampere) = 1 coulomb of electrons per secon...

      INTRODUCTION OF TRANSDUCERS  A transducer is a device that convert one form of energy to other form. It converts the measurand to a usable electrical signal.   In other word it is a device that is capable of converting the physical quantity into a proportional electrical quantity such as voltage or current. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSDUCERS • Transducer contains two parts that are closely related to each other i.e. the sensing element and transduction element.  • The sensing element is called as the sensor. It is device producing measurable response to change in physical conditions.  • The transduction element convert the sensor output to suitable electrical form. CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSDUCERS 1. Ruggedness  2. Linearity  3. Repeatability  4. Accuracy  5. High stabilityand reliability  6. Speed of response  7. Sensitivity  8. Small size TRANSDUCERS SELECTION FACT...

Thermal Power Plants Thermal power plants use water as working fluid. Nuclear and coal based power plants fall under this category. The way energy from fuel gets transformed into electricity forms the working of a power plant. In a thermal power plant a steam turbine is rotated with help of high pressure and high temperature steam and this rotation is transferred to a generator to produce electricity. Fig.1 Power is produced in thermal power plants by rotating steam turbine Energy absorption from steam When turbine blades get rotated by high pressure high temperature steam, the steam loses its energy. This in turn will result in a low pressure and low temperature steam at the outlet of the turbine. Here steam is expanded till saturation point is reached. Since there is no heat addition or removal from the steam, ideally entropy of the steam remains same. This change is depicted in the following p-v and T-s diagrams. If we can bring this low pressure, low temperature st...